America Moves to the City Post-Civil War

In the decades post- civilized War, the States tendd to the city. The increase in population al roughly doubled curiously with the rush of impudently immigrants. The drift towards the city didnt only imply America, it affected the Western realism. With unfermented industrial jobs, immigrants and Americans had opportunities for jobs, having the United States flourish.I. The new t adept of cities the urban frontier. A.1870 to 1900, the American population doubled, and the population in the cities tripled. B.Cities grew up and out, with much(prenominal) far-famed architects as Louis Sullivan wor mogul on and perfecting skyscrapers ( for the stolon time appearing in stops in 1885). 1. The city grew from a sm entirely compact one that concourse could walk through to get around to a huge metropolis that required commuting by electric trolleys. 2. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made city life more than alluring. C.Department stores deal Macys (in untried York) a nd Marshall field of operations (in Chicago) provided urban working-class jobs and similarlyattracted urban middle-class shoppers. 1. Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie told of womans escapades in the city, made cities dazzling and attractive. 2. The move to city produced lots of apple sauce, because while farmers always reused everything or fed trash to animals, city d substantiallyers, with their mail-order houses like Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things cheap and easy to buy, could just throw away the things that they didnt like anymore.D.Criminals flourished, and impure water, uncollected garbage, vulgar bodies, and droppings made cities smelly and unsanitary. 1. Worst of all were the slums, which were crammed with bulk. 2. So-called poop tenements (which gave a bit of fresh air down their airshaft) were the worst since they were dark, cramped, and had poor sanitation or ventilation. E.To escape, the wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to suburbs.II. Immigration happe ns all over the nation. A.Until the eighties, most of the immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia) and were quite literate and devoted to some type of representative governing. Thiswas called the Old Immigration. But by the 1880s and 1890s, this shifted to the Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite, New Immigration.1. southeasterly Europeans accounted for 19% of immigrants to the U.S. in 1880, early 1900s, were over 60%III. Southern Europeans understand their way to America. A.Many Europeans came to America because in that respect was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. 1. America often praised to Europeans, people boasted of eating everyday/having reconciledom, much opportunity. 2. Profit-seeking Americans alike perhaps exaggerated the benefits of America to Europeans, so that they could get cheap labor and more money. B.Ma ny immigrants to America stayed for a short(p) period of time and then returned to Europe, and even those that remained (including persecuted Jews) tried very heavy(p) to retain their own culture and customs.1. However, the children of the immigrants sometimes rejected this Old instauration culture and plunged in all into American life.IV. Americans react to the new immigrants in their country. A.Federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful bosses ( such as New Yorks Boss Tweed) who provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.B. heap like Walter Rauschenbusch and cap rejoice began preaching the Social Gospel, insisting that churches tackle the burning social issues of the day. C.Among the people who were deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses was Jane Addams, who founded Hull household in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge that they would need to survive and succeed in America.1. She eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, but her pacifism was looked down upon by groups such as the Daughters of the American R phylogeny, who revoked her membership. 2. Other such settlement houses like Hull House include Lillian Walds total heat Street solvent in New York, which opened its doors in 1893. 3. Settlement houses became centers for womens activism and reform, as females such as Florence Kelley fought for protection of women workers and against child labor. 4. New cities gave women opportunities to earn money and support themselves advance (mostly single women, since being two(prenominal) a working m opposite and wife was frowned upon).V. Narrowing the Welcome two-dimensionality A.The nativism and anti-foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the new Slavs and Baltics, fearing that a mixing of blood would ruin the fairer Anglo-Saxon race s and create inferior offspring.1. The native Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government. These new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arrived in America a few decades before.2. Trade unionists hated them for their willingness to work for super-low requital and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism into the U.S. B.Anti-foreign organizations like the American Protective association (APA) arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leadership were quick to try to stop new immigration, immigrants were frequently used as strikebreakers.C.Finally, in 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive equity against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from advance here. D.1885, another law was passed banning the importation of foreign workers under unremarkably substandard contracts. E.Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they were finally passed in 191 7, but the 1882 immigration law also barred the Chinese from coming (the Chinese Exclusion Act).F.Anti-immigrant climate, the Statue of self-direction arrived from Francea gift from the French to America in 1886.VI. Churches Confront the urban Challenge A.Since churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rallyagainst the urban privation, plight, and suffering, many people began toquestion the ambition of the churches, and began to worry that Satanwas winning the difference of good and evil.1. The emphasis on material gains worried many. B.A new extension of urban revivalists stepped in, including people like Dwight Lyman Moody, a man who proclaimed the evangel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.1.Moody password Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and wrap upd working well later his 1899 death. C.Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigration. 1. Cardinal Gibbons was pop ular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity. 2. 1890, Americans chose from one hundred fifty religions, including the Salvation Army, tried to help the poor. D.The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded byMary baker Eddy, preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimedhealed sickness. 5.YMCAs and YWCAs also sprouted.VII. Darwin Disrupts the Churches A.1859, Charles Darwin produce his On the Origin of Species, which set forth the new doctrine of organic evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists. 1. Modernists took a step from the fundamentalists and refused to believe that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. They contended that the Bible was merely a collection of moral stories or guidelines, but not sacred scripture inspired by God.B.Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was one who denounced insertionism, ashe had been widely persuaded by the theory of evolution. Others blendedcreationism and evolution to invent their own interpretations.VIII. The Lust for Learning A.New trend began in the creation of more public schools and the provision of free textbooks funded by taxpayers. 1. By 1900, there were 6,000 high schools in America kindergartens also multiplied. B.Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. C.To partially help adults who couldnt go to school, the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. It included public lectures to many people by famous writers and capacious at-home studies.D.Americans began to develop a faith in formal education as a solution to poverty.IX. booking agent T. Washington and Education for Black People A.South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, especially for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave came to help. He started by heading a black normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students useful skills and trades.1. Avoided Issue of social equating h e believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights. B.One of Washingtons students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. C.However, W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now. He also founded the National Association for the Advancement of dark-skinned People (NAACP) in 1910.1.DuBoiss differences with Washington reflected contrasting life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.X. The consecrate Halls of Ivy A.Colleges/universities sprouted after the Civil War, and colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground. 1. Also, colleges for both genders grew, especially in the Midwest, and Black colleges also were established, such as Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.B.Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a open-handed grant of the public land s to the states for support of education and was extended by the crosshatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment send in connection with the land-grant colleges.C.Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller. D.Johns Hopkins University keep the nations first high-grade graduate school.XI. The March of the perspicacity A.Elective system of college was gaining popularity, took off after Dr. Charles W. Eliot became president of Harvard. B.Medical schools and science were prospering after the Civil War. 1. Discoveries by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister (antiseptics) improved medical science and health. 2. The shiny but sickly William James helped establish the discipline of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of psychological science (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), and Varieties o f Religious Experience (1902).a. His greatest work was naive realism (1907), which preached what he believed in pragmatism (everything has a useful purpose). XII. The Appeal of the iron out A.Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into peoples homes. B.With the invention of the Linotype in 1885, the reduce more than kept pace with demand, but competition sparked a new brand of journalism called yellow journalism, in which newspapers reported on around the bend and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories.C.2 Journalists emerged Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) & William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) Strengthening of the Associated Press, which had been established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the questionable journalism.XIII. Apostles of mend A.Magazines like Harpers, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribners Monthly partially genial the public appetite forgood reading, but perhaps the most important of all was the New York Nation, launched in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic. These were all liberal, reform-minded publications.B.Another enduring journalist-author was Henry George, who wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress. 1. It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income taxthe more you make, the great percent you pay in taxes. C.Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big business serving the public good.XIV. Postwar piece A.After the war, Americans devoured dime-novels whichdepicted the wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings. 1. The king of dime novelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels. 2. world-wide Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ, which combated the ideas and bel iefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith. B.Horatio Alger was more popular, since his rags-to-riches books told that virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. His most notable book was call Ragged Dick.C.Walt Whitman was one of the old writers who still remained active, publishing revisions of Leaves of Grass. D.Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death. E.Other lesser poets included Sidney Lanier, who was crush by poverty and ill health. XVI. The New Morality A.Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflins Weekly, which shocked readers with exposs of affairs, etc. B.Anthony Comstock waged a long war on the immoral. C.The new morality reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.XVII. Families and Women in the metropolis A.Urban life was stressful on families, who were often separated, and everyone had to work, even children. 1. While on farms, more children meant more people to harvest and help, in the cities, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of poverty. B.1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics, a holy of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the large life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.1. She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens. C.Feminists also rallied toward suffrage, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (whod organized the first womens rights convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY) and Susan B. Anthony.D.By 1900, a new coevals of women activists were present, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, who stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers in the increasingly public world of the city.1. The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869. 2. The General Federation of Womens Clubs also encouraged womens suffrage. E.Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.XVIII. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress A.Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of inebriant was also present, marked by the formation of the National Prohibition party in 1869. 1. Other organizations like the Womens Christian Temperance total also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage. a. Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a hatchet and hacked up bars. 2. The Anti-Saloon League was also formed in 1893. B.American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatm ent of livestock, and the American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.