Factors Affecting Fermentation of Glucose by Yeast

Fermentation is anaerobic respiration whereby intellectual nourishment is altered into much simple compounds and energy in the form of chemicals is p terminaluced, an object lesson being adenosine triphosphate (biology-online. org/dictionary/Fermentation). All this occurs with the lack of atmospheric oxygen. At the stamp out of the day alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products when yeast is utilise in the turmoil procedure. But end products like acetic dose or lactic acid can to a fault be gained depending on the circumstances.The salinity, air conditions, temperature, pH of the system, the enzyme systems of microorganisms, and the type of sugars being fermented can show a variety in the type of end products produced. In this study the underpass with the highest list of chlorine is added, an increase in the rate of fermentation should be observed. Methods and Materials 100ml of the stock solution of 10% glucose was placed into four separate beakers. apiece beaker was labeled 1 (control), 2 (5 expends), 3 (10 drops), and 4 (15 drops).Five drops of 6% sodium hypochlorite was added to beaker 2, 10 drops to beaker 3, and 15 drops to beaker 4. The contents of the yeast falling out were thusly stirred thoroughly to be sure the yeast cells were suspended and not settled at the bottom and to each solution 50ml of the yeast suspension was added. The contents of each beaker were stirred with a glass stirring rod to mix the solutions thoroughly. Each of the four fermentation tube pipe bowls were modify with one of the solutions and the tubes were tilted so that the vertical arm was full, but the bowl was nearly empty.Each fermentation tube was labeled in drift to indicate its contents. The tubes were placed in a warm place (in an incubator or near a heat lamp). Every 10 minutes for 90 minutes a measurement was made and the amount of bodge produced in each of the four fermentation tubes was recorded and graphed. Results Figure 1 As shown in figure 1 , this study revealed that when chlorine was added there was a decline in the fermentation tubes excluding group two, the five drop tube. therefore this observation concluded that when theres a large amount of chlorine the fermentation rate slowed down.But when there was a bittie amount of chlorine there was increase in the rate of fermentation. An average out of about 15 additional minutes were spared in order to peer the amount of fermentation in the control tube and five drop tube when large amounts of chlorine were evident. Discussion All four beakers were evaporated by the 60 minute mark. The solution with five drops was the first to completely evaporate, next with the control group, the 10 drops and finally the 15 drops.No real conclusions could be drawn from this study because of the order in which the evaporation was completed. This lab also generates questions that could not have been asked before the lab. Why do some fermentation tubes have all their solution evaporat e and not others? What would have happened if more yeast solution were added to the fermentation tubes? With the information discovered, experimenters know some of the various factors affecting fermentation of glucose by yeast. This information will help soaking fermentation in the wine and beer industries.

Essay on the importance of education Essay

The term grooming is derived from Latin, word educere, educ atomic number 18 and educatum which mingys to to study , to know and to put up out. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, oddly at a school or university a course of education, the surmise and practice of give instructioning. A body of cognition acquired while being educated. In some occasions I would soulfulness solelyy say that I am not always learning, this can be caused by lack of focussing instructor being absent cover t from each oneers teacher being ineffective to teach the subject well destructive students or no recreate in a topic. french is a pleasant subject to learn as it comprises a bargainof active and team work which requires a percentage of studying and patience.During the period of exams, later on the month of May 2012, I undercoat myself talking and disrupting the class (due to the lack of focus) which was odd as French was one of my strongest subjects and a few in which I enjoyed. The reason for this was that my teacher was absent and we had a cover teacher which I imminently thence thought that I had the privilege to mess about for there leave behind be no consequences but I was wrongThe only person this affected was me myself and this caused me into failing French with an E. One day in my recognition class around mid March, we were studying momentum and I found myself tuned in with the lesson (which doesnt happen often) and was fully focused which resulted to improving my catch of the topic and Iaccumulated more information about it. The reason being was that the lesson was a mixture of practical active learning and theoretical learning. This make me to enjoy, rich person fun and partake in the lesson. I really did learn a lot despite my weakness and hatred for science. Education is life itself yet about people would agree with the instruction that education is life itself and utter that education is the most powerful weapon a nd the linchpin to success. Referring to the leger in Ecclesiastes712 For the entertainion of wisdom is like the protection of money and the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of him who has it. This quote may suggest that the endurance of one may depend upon their knowledge. Being educated is an advantage in life so therefore we should cherish and preserve it as we would protect money. On the other hand, other people may disagree with this statement and say that education isnt life itself for some people are not well educated but have managed to become undefeated,people such asAbraham Lincoln, John D. Rockefeller, Amancio Ortega Gaona and many more.This comes to show that knowledge isnt just the approval on a paper (degree) but can be physical and specialized skills. Also other unfortunate people broadly speaking in LEDCs (less economically developed countries) such as Egypt, Mali, Haiti, Ghana,Ukraine, Libya, Vietnametc but does this mean that due to l ack of being educated results to individuals from these countries to not be successful ?Of course not. Finally, in my belief I think that education is in truth beneficial to all. From my personally experience I would say that living does in fact educate me, why? In the past I made mistakes that I had to learn from such as revising a week before an exam to major mistake as forbidden sins from the bible (The 10 commandments) but thats al safe because life never came with instructions.We all came to learn, to conquer and to succeed. Robert M. Hutchins aforementioned Education is not to reform students or beguile them or to make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds widen their horizons inflame their intellects teach them to think straight. If possible sowhy is it that the older generation put a lot of pressure on the younger generation in other haggle the youths to study hard to become doctors and lawyers? We cannot all be doctors and lawyers for God gave each indiv idual a conscious to help us make right and wrong decisions and to follow our hearts. Education is life itself some would say, but I say education is a high light to life the key to success. Victor Hugo He who opens a school door, closes a prison.

Judaism †Meaning of life Essay

The meaning of life is a philosophic question concerning the signifi bay windowce of life or existence in gen timel. It can similarly be expressed in different forms, such as Why atomic number 18 we here? , What is life all about? , and What is the figure of existence? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological speculation throughout history. there have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different pagan and ideological backgrounds.The meaning of life is in the philosophical and religious conceptions of existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness, and borders on many other issues, such as symbolic meaning, ontology, cheer, purpose, ethics, candid and evil, free will, the existence of one or multiple Gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contributions focalization primarily on describing relate empirical facts about the universe, exploring the context and parameters concer ning the how of life. cognition also studies and can provide recommendations for the pursuit of well-being and a related conception of m unwrittenity. An alternative, humanistic approach poses the question What is the meaning of my life? The value of the question pertaining to the purpose of life may coincide with the achievement of crowning(prenominal) reality, or a stamp of oneness, or even a feeling of sacredness. governs the universe. Closeness with the God of Israel is through study of His Torah, and adherence to its mitzvot (divine laws).In handed-down Judaism, God established a special covenant with a hatful, the people of Israel, at Mount Sinai, giving the Judaic commandments. Torah comprises the written Pentateuch and the transcribed oral tradition, further developed through the generations. The Jewish people are mean as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation69 and a light to the Nations, influencing the other peoples to keep their own religio- good Seven Laws of No ah. The messianic era is seen as the perfection of this dual path to God.Jewish observances involve ethical and ritual, affirmative and prohibative injunctions. Modern Jewish denominations differ over the nature, relevance and emphases of mitzvot. Jewish school of thought emphasises that God is not affected or benefited, but the item-by-item and society benefit by drawing close to God. The rationalist Maimonides sees the ethical and ritual divine commandments as a necessary, but insufficient zeal for philosophical understanding of God, with its love and awe.70 Among fundamental values in the Torah are pursuit of justice, compassion, peace, kindness, hard work, prosperity, humility, and education. 7172 The world to come,73 prepared in the present, elevates man to an ever-living connection with God. 74 Simeon the Righteous says, the world stands on three things on Torah, on worship, and on acts of loving kindness. The prayer book relates, blessed is our God who created us for his honor and planted within us everlasting life. Of this context, the Talmud states, everything that God does is for the good, including suffering. The Jewish mystical Kabbalah gives complimentary esoteric meanings of life. As well as Judaism providing an immanent relationship with God (personal theism), in Kabbalah the spiritual and sensible creation is a paradoxical manifestation of the immanent aspects of Gods Being (panentheism), related to the Shekhinah (Divine feminine). Jewish observance unites the sephirot (Divine attributes) on high, restoring harmony to creation.In Lurianic Kabbalah, the meaning of life is the messianic rectification of the shattered sparks of Gods persona, exiled in physical existence (the Kelipot shells), through the actions of Jewish observance. 75 Through this, in Hasidic Judaism the ultimate essential desire of God is the revelation of the ubiquitous Divine essence through materiality, achieved by man from within his control physical realm, when the b ody will give life to the soul. Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy named after its prophet Zoroaster, which is believed to have influenced the beliefs of Judaism and its descendant religions.77 Zoroastrians believe in a universe created by a transcendental God, Ahura Mazda, to whom all worship is in the end directed. Ahura Mazdas creation is asha, truth and order, and it is in conflict with its antithesis, druj, falsehood and disorder. (See also Zoroastrian eschatology). Since humanity possesses free will, people must be obligated for their moral choices. By using free will, people must constitute an active role in the universal conflict, with good thoughts, good quarrel and good deeds to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay.

Zara Company

IntroductionThe United Arab of Emirates is always outdoors to local and international markets, and keeps abreast(predicate) of the continual change in the merchandising environment. The economy in the UAE is really strong as it ranks in the cosmos market and compete with study countries. People in these days consider more virtually port and they try to follow any new lines of hammer because they c atomic emergence 18 some elegance and anything that tail end raise them beautiful.Zara is a stag that house agreeable masses e circumscribedly in the UAE because it increases both(prenominal) of unique c jamhes, bags and shoes in a good price to be i of know steel and known in the humanity. Spanish brand and one of a famous brand in the ball which that is specialized in c staggerhing and it founded by Ortega Goanna and Rosalie Mere in 1975.Brief background information about the brandZara is Spanish brand and one of a famous brand in the sphere which that is special ized in c splithing and it founded by Ortega Goanna and Rosalie Mere in 1975. Zara known as one of the big and major selling brands and fashion retailer in the world and it is available in 86 countries in the world comparable Spanish which has a big number of Zaras shop, Ger some, Morocco and the UAE. Zara has slightly 1763 shops around the world which crowd out make a big seller and take in for Zara.Zara started to be distributed in 1957 for different countries in the world and they opened thither shops in the Middle East during 1998 until 2000 in different countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the UAE, Kuwait and Egypt. Zara has different lines fashion for different categories similar male, female and kids excessively and they focussing on dissolute and practical fashion which is product in weeks.Consumer productThere sev timel useful product that Zara raises to its guests. However, we chose makeup for women. We as female like to wear makeup always and we want Zara to produce those product because of the spirit of their products. Like foundation is important one and lipsticks and mascara those are the main.These product allow serve women specific the young girl because they like beauty cosmetics. The lastingness is the graphic symbol that Zara use with manufacturing its product so node wont suffer from it although the succorlessness is the competitors like H&M they offer makeup for their customer with amply quality and lower prices. B- Marketing Opportunities We assume some idea, it entrust help Zara shop to improve and be better they can attract the customers through and through price cut and build more Zara shop in many different places it will be easy to visit this shop and spoil more products, I call up when Zara shop do the offers that will help them to find many customers.Product development is the creation of products with new or different features that offer new or additional benefits to the customer, the process consist s of the following stages coming up with a product idea, researching the idea, designing and planning.Primary query We evaluated the survey of tribe opinions about Zara. A total of twenty response, cardinal five percent (75) were female. And twenty- five (25) percent were male.Most people were mingled with two and thirteenth, and few of them were between fourteenth and twenty. We analyze the response in orders of question, and it turned out a huge amount of people favour to visit Zara more than the other shop because they realise excellent products. non also they own one but even they think it reliable. From the study, closely people who responded agrees to get a product from Zara greater than the other products. tally to the survey a small percentage of people are ordain to buy this moment. On the other hand, slight amount of people is non interested in purchasing more products because it is very expensive and some people they dont have the Zara shop in your country. Or it depends on some people taste and thats why they dont see Zara shop as a first choice. However, Zara attach to improve their products and service quality to coming up with a product.Marketing opportunitiesThe merchandise hazard is A potentially favorable contain in which a business can capitalize on a ever-changing drift or an increasing demand for a product by a demographic group (Investors words, N.D).We think marketing opportunity linked to its productivity development. When it is at a high level, Zaras scratch will continue growth.The companies compete with individually other, and they al or so have the resembling belligerent opportunities. The development, diversification, and original activity help the Zara and other companies to protect the opportunities of competitive.Human capital as healthy as technology information allow Zara to respond to the demand for its customer better than other companies (Lee.J, 2015).The clothes, perfume and chose industry need to un derstand the marketing opportunity to be in a good position in the market. There are many things that help Zara company to have a good marketing opportunity such as technological innovation and diversification.InnovationThe strategy of developing ideas that cook abide by which is modern and adequate for people. When Zaras company create creative and innovative ideas in its product and work, it attracts its customer to trace to the shop and by more. We are now in the era of innovation, so all people look forward exotic and creative things.DiversificationDiversification is an administrative method that gathers many investments in one portfolio.Zara Design team are producing 18.000 different model of clothes per socio-economic class, thats about 70 every working day in a continuous process (7 innovation, 2013).Existing market section and new market segmentWe think new market segment attract people to survey to the shop and buy because in these time people like the trend things. The existing market segment will not be essential and adapted for everybody.Segmentation and TargetingThe identification of individuals or organization with a similar characteristic that has significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy)Fahy & Jobber, N.D).Marketing segmentation helps Zara confederation to support profit and economic growth, improve customer retention, and more effective targeting of communication.The clothing is changing every day which means the targeted consumer would need to be following the on-going fashion trends.We can divide consumer segmentation to behavioral, psychographic and write.BehavioralThe objective of Zara party is to increase customer equity and customer satisfaction, so the company tries to do research that improves products and services and pay attention to occasions. For example in AlEad they introducing a new collection.GeographicZara confederation opens many branches in our country to expedite access to it. And also open the branches in the places that are suitable for people regarding weather and safety. DemographicZara opens its branches in the area of population concentration such as malls, to be easy for the customer to buy.If Zara opens its branches in the place thats outlying(prenominal) from the population density, this will cause problems such as loss.Customer profileThe age range of Zaras customer is various, and it includes children, teens and adults. The more age group buy from Zara are between 18-40 years. They have mid-range income which makes them able to purchase. Also, they are interested in fashion trends.(Lee, J.2015).Application of the marketing mixAll markets applies marketing mix to labour their brand or product. The 4Ps make up a typical marketing mix product, price, place, promotion. Zara provides various products for their customers. Also the main strength and power of Zara Company is that its able to react quickly to the latest highly fashion, season inevitably and customer needs whether products or services.The following are the products line in Zara product mixClothes for men, women and kidsPerfumesShoes for men, women and kids6.1 Product We want to develop a new product that Zara Company doesnt considered about that is Makeup moreover Zara customers most of them are women they are loyal. As we see here the UAE community like Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah are developed and civilized, and theyre in line with the latest trends in fashion specially the females, they like modern, show, painting and to wear makeup every day.Zara Company did researches and studies about launching makeup for women soon with high quality, professional and suffice workers, new features such us multi-tasking (foundation cream, lipsticks, mascara and eye shadow) with suitable prices so clients could save money. The company is willing to spend lots of money on attractive advertisements for this new products.Cosmetics products serve women to look more shine and beau tiful. As well as it will help them with suitable prices that we put. The products will have the brand logo and label, so that it distinguished from other makeup brands. However, the encase it will be freak, clear and attractive also with low follow so the makeup wont be expensive. 6.2 Proposed priceZara sits the price range depends on some factors such as countries, economy and number of speak tos, so every country has a different price of Zaras brand. Also, Germany has different prices from the UAE, so they have a high price for the products more than the UAE or other countries in the Middle East who have Zara Brand because the economy is different and the approach too. In addition, Zara tries to give people a good quality of clothes at affordable prices so that can bring a lot of profit for Zara.The pricing in Zara in the UAE is around 115AED 500AED. Moreover, cosmetics like lipstick is 29 AED, blusher 20 AED, foundation 80 AED, eyeshadow plate 55 AED and mascara 32 AED. Val ue Zara gives people one of the unique and fashionable clothes in the world with good price that all people can buy.Zara uses pull system in their stores and produce a small mensuration of each style because of big numbers of styles that they produce each month. Zara uses a good manufacturing method to avoid any threat that they face such as some disruptions because the weather and factory problems which can effect on the production. In addition, it is an important for any company to build their ranges to make their brand one of the famous brand in the world, so Zara makes this value by the trust with their customers and give them a good quality of clothes.The value in Zara is around 13 billion in a year and more than 3 million customers around the world.CostThe high court requires a lot of money and profit to make a sustainable profitability. The advertising and store promotion cost 3.5% from their revenue, the company does not cost alt of money on their advertising but they sai d that the company invested around 450$ million on commercials and logistics area. In addition, the sales indexs increased to 6%. Competitor There are a lot of competitors of Zara such as H&M and Mango because they are two big companies that can make some challenge to Zara. There are some similarity and difference between these three companies such as Zara is product fast fashion for different categories like male, female and kids and H&M products for the same categories too but for practical and fashionable designs but Mango is special for only male and female without kids.The scattering in the world, H&M has more distributed in the world more than Zara and Mango so that can effect on the number of the profit too because H&M has a big profit in a year more than these two. The competitors also provide the similar techniques of promotion but Zara have to create creative and innovative promotion .For example in occasion it provide new collection with a good prices.6.3 Proposed place There are a lot of methods that Zara uses to be more distributed like having a lot of retail outlets in different countries.Also, Spain has a big number of Zaras shops in the world, so this is a kind of exclusive distribution. In UAE we have many stores of Zara which are located in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, AlAin and Sharjah. The survey results show that Zara company should open new brunches like in Fujairah and Ajman.We prefer to open Zara in each city in UAE because to make it easy to access to it.We also think that Zara has to open new section which is Makeup. Makeup attracts women to come and buy. Because of the quality and suitable prices that will support people to buy.If Zara makes offers this will cause more distribution and this will help Zara to be more effective.6.4 Proposed promotion The brand should focus on promotion to be more famous in the world and because a lot of people these days use the internet and websites to do shopping and see the new products so the brand should fo cus on website, some application like Facebook and Instagram help Zara to have a lot of customers from different countries.Nowadays, people use neighborly media all the time, Zara has to join to social media to attract people by commercial advertising in Snapchat, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube. Moreover, drop out posters on the streets. Finally, they can put an advertisement in the cinema and television. In Dubai shopping festival, Zara takes the advantage of the opportunity and make offers that are the local people and foreigners happy with it.Conclusion Our report maintains data that we collected about Zara brand and how it began, who is the founder of, where is it location. Zara known as brand that has high quality of products and services that is it provides and manufacture. Zara organization is successful and the best brand between its competitors and has huge number of clients.Also the Zara company continues to develop itself always in order to not lose the customers. The prices are reachable and suitable for all people. We included original research a questionnaire survey to get the evaluation of Zara from people.References group, i. w. (n.d.).Market opportunity. Retrieved from investors world http//www.investorwords.com/19306/market_opportunity.htmlixzz5CF7EiPeqinnovation, 7. (2013, November 13). Process Innovation Zara. Retrieved from 7 innovation https//7innovation.net/2013/11/13/process-innovation-zara/Lee, J. Y. (2015, whitethorn 12). Final zara marketing strategy .Retrieved from slide share https//www.slideshare.net/JiYoungLee26/final-zara-marketing-strategyRuddick, G. (2014, October 20). How Zara became the worlds biggest fashion retailer. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from https//www.telegraph.co.uk/ pay/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11172562/How-Inditex-became-the-worlds-biggest-fashion-retailer.htmlAppendices questionnaire 1. -clothes-shoes-perfumes 2. Do you think Zara shop prices suit everybody?-Yes-NO-Not sure3. Do you prefer or suggest to open new branch in your city?-Yes-No-Not sure4. ar you loyal customer to Zara store (e.g. have a customer card)?-yes-No-Not sure5. atomic number 18 you satisfied with products and services that offered by Zara?-Yes-No-Not sure6. What do you think of the quality of Zara products? -Excellent-Good-Poor-Very bad7. How often do you visit Zara? -weekly-monthly-once in a Yearly8. Does Zaras promotions attract you to come and buy?-yes-No-Somehow 9. What is special about Zara?-quality -prices-It offers all type of product (Perfumes, Bags, work and choses).10. Does Zara Company improve their products and services quality?-yes-No-Not sure

Marketing Research Report on Co-op Bookshop

Marketing 202 explore Report co-op Bookshop Executive Summary hencoop is a keepshop in Macquarie University at trade union Ryde Campus, and it sales new text intelligences and references books to scholarly persons, as well as popular novels and so on. However, after beginning of the semester, the quantity of sales of cage has an obvious decline. In this situation, our concourse r come forthine online eyeshot method to bundle up questionnaires from 108 students in Macquarie University at North Ryde, and with the purpose of measuring students dominance get behaviors and attitudes towards the cooperative, in order to booster coop to amend the sales.Through persona of the SPSS program, frequency, one- assay t-tests, cross tabulation and Chi-Squ ar Tests info to show and analyze results of the muckle, wherefore in the following communicate there be four points can be concluded, and three commendations can be found. The near obviously one is that or so of the stude nts prefer to debase textbooks at a much scorn price, comp ard with the conduct for book quality, cheaper price seems more(prenominal) attractive.That is, although the blink of an eye turn bookstore can non to be a competitor on service and quality with cooperative bookshop, authorization price menaces could be bring to influence the cage bookshops sales volume. Then do or so price onward motional activities in chicken coop is necessary. Table of content Introduction3 Hypothesis4 Research objectives4 Methods5 Results and finding6 Analysis16 Limitations19 Conclusion19 Recommendations20 Appendix21 Introduction University students argon well-favored and traditional market for textbooks, references books, magazines and journals, especially those with strong professional and faculty division foc characters. veneering such a market, it is critical for bookshop owners to understand how to efficiently exercise and manage the bookshops so as to meet the demands of the parti cular customer root and keep the business going under the fierce competitions from other channels. A traditional bookshop providing regular book categories and services may non satisfy this particular multitude and consequently ends with poor sales results. This report is based on the contain on the Co-op, a bookshop in Macquarie University.It is observed that when the new semester begins, Co-op bookshop, with convenient access and abundant commixture of stocks, conveys a destination for students to get new textbooks however, sales shrivel up dramatically after the opening weeks. In this situation, our group tries to figure issue the potential demands from the student group by understanding their purchase behaviors and attitudes towards the Co-op bookshop. A sketch is made to understand the gap in the midst of the actual demands from the students and the flow prescribe operation situation at the Co-op, and consequently to help Co-op to improve the sales.We use online g lance method to collect questionnaires from 108 students in Macquarie University at North Ryde. In the following report, diagrams are employ to discuss and analyze the survey result related to the look topics. Hypothesis Macquarie University students prefer to bribe spick-and-span books at the Co-op bookshop rather than to get use books in minute of arc occur markets. Only Co-op bookshop sells new textbooks and academic references in Macquarie University. Quite a portion of the students are victimisation support hand book, impression easy with them.This is one of the solid grounds that make the sales shrink for the Co-op bookshop. Student opinions on the entailments offered by the Co-op bookshop are diverted. The student preferences survey shows that half students measure the snubs from the Co-op while the abide do non show big interest on it. Research objectives Several key objectives are decided for this investigate To identify the students group who prefer to defile textbook or other academic references in Co-op bookshop. To identify the student who are deally to join the social station to wee discount plans with Co-op bookshop. To measure student attitudes and beliefs round(predicate) get new books at Co-op bookshop. To identify the level of satisfaction of the students who use numberly hand books. These research objectives are presented on the survey questions and pull up stakes be explained in details in later part of this report. The research objectives are used to identify whether Co-op bookshop should enhance price promotion or leverage other methods in order to cast up sales profit.The survey questions are based on the research objectives to help figure out an efficient promotion method. Methods Questionnaire survey is designed for this study since it is inexpensive, timesaving, and convenient. When properly designed, this method is very efficient because the survey questions are qualified for collecting opinions on multiple subjects from a large issuing of people. This research is targeted at all Macquarie University students at North Ryde campus. The feedback rate for this survey is 95%. 08 students are sampled after wiping off invalid questionnaires. We collect these samples using haphazard sampling. We spread this survey question randomly to our classmates, student in library, student in SAM building and canteen. The statistical methods used to analyze the info are obtained through the SPSS Program. Through the use of SPSS program, frequencies, one-sample t-tests, cross tabulation and Chi-Square Tests information are generated reflecting the results of the survey. Results and finding Question 1 If you want to buy round books, which way comes to your mind first? Frequency pct reasonable portion additive per centum Valid Frequency part Valid percentage Cumulative portion Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cum ulative Percent Valid I dont want to 14 13. 0 58. 3 pay the membership fee pic 14 students out of 24 say they dont want to join because of the membership fee, which makes up 58. 3 percent 7 students out of 24 think the discount is too low to be attractive, which constitutes 29. 2% of total valid samples 3 students out of 24 claim that they exact no idea about the membership, the 12. 5%.We have expected a turn down percent on the fee consideration, because the fee is not high and is apparently beneficial with 10% saved on each purchase. This percentage is obviously higher than our expectation. 29. 17% of students think the discount rate is the reason, however we have expected this number to be higher, because the main benefits of membership is the discount. Discount also to some degrees shortens the gaps between brand-new and due south-hand books on the price consideration. Thus we expect the main reason of not getting membership is due to a discount lower than stude nts expectation. Question6 If the Co-op bookshop sells feature textbooks cheaper than the separate one, do you prefer to buy? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 74 68. 5 68. 5 68. 5 No 14 13. 0 13. 0 81. 5 I do not care 20 18. 5 18. 5 100. 0 primitive 108 100. 0 100. 0 pic For this question, 68. % of the students appreciate the bundled offer at a more favorable price than that for several(prenominal) sales at the Co-op bookshop. The bundle promotion type not only attract the student with textbook demand, with Co-op gradually recognised as a resort for favorable seller, more people leave behind think of Co-op whenever they want to search for some other references. This likely will bring back the rest 18. 5% people who initially say no to the Co-op. Thus the demand for new textbook in MQ campus will ramp up, and the Co-op bookshop will sell more books than ever, even the profit per each sales decrease a little, then the overall profit will incre ase with higher sales volume. Question7If Co-op bookshop providesextra discounton theotherbooks besides textbooks catameniaically,would you like to come? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 63 58. 3 58. 3 58. 3 No 45 41. 7 41. 7 100. 0 come 108 100. 0 100. 0 pic From this question, our group wants to know the attitude of the students in North Ryde MQ campus towards books other than textbooks.From the diagram this survey reveals a satisfactory result with 58. 3% people in the survey willing to buy other books from the Co-op shop. For the rest 41. 7% who claim no intention to buy books other than textbooks, we think this will not impact the sales and promotion strategy of the Co-op shop to thin out the potential market demand other than textbooks in North Ryde MQ campus. Question8 declare you used hour hand textbook before? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 92 85. 2 85. 2 85. No 16 14. 8 14. 8 100. 0 Total 108 100. 0 100. 0 pic The result of this question turns out that about 85. 2% students in our survey have used secondhand textbook, with only 14. 8% using only new books. This reveals that the biggest competitor of Co-op shop is second hand bookshop. Question 9 What are you feeling when using second hand textbook? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Regretful 7 6. 5 6. 6 6. 6 Poor 25 23. 1 23. 6 30. 2 Good 59 54. 6 55. 7 85. 8 Excellent 11 10. 2 10. 4 96. 2 Delightful 6 5. 5 3. 8 100. 0 Total 108 100. pic The result further expands the discovery in the previous question. The result shows 6. 5% of the surveyed people thinking regretful for the quality of second hand books and 23. 1% feeling them poor while 54. 6% finding them as a good choice, 10. 2% believing second hand books just subtile and 5. 5% reporting delightful user experience. That means about 70. 3% people in the survey think second hand book markets are better resorts for textbook and they prefer using it given that they have convenient access to them. Therefore, this result of this question confirms again that the biggest competitor of Co-op shop is second hand bookshop.Question 10 atomic number 18 you an outside(a) student? sexual activity Total Male Female % Within Gender 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Chi-Square Tests b. Computed only for a 22 table Among the surveyed student, 83. 7% male students and 72. 9% female have Co-op bookshop membership, which does not stand for distinct difference between gender groups. The result is reflected in the Chi-square test table. The p-value in chi-square tests is more than 5% cut-off, so the gender has no significant impact on people ending to get membership or not. Are you an international student? * Whats your feeling when you use the second hand textbook?Cross tabulation pry df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 2. 009a 4 . 734 Likelihood Ratio 2. 323 4 . 677 Linear-by-Linear Ass ociation 1. 329 1 . 249 N of Valid Cases 108 a. 5 cells (50. 0%) have expected count less(prenominal) than 5. The tokenish expected count is . 37. Question 9 reveals student attitudes towards second hand textbook, with 7. 1%, 24. 5%, 55. 1%, 10. 2% and 3. 1% of the surveyed students claiming second hand book user experience as regretful, poor, good, excellent and delightful. In total 108 surveyed students, 98 are international students and only 10 are local students. However, their opinions do not vary much as reflected in the Chi-square test table. A p-value of 0. 734 that is more than 5% cut-off, thus the feeling of using second hand books is not significant put oned by whether the students are international or local. Which mental quickness are you in? Have you used the second hand textbook before? Cross tabulation take to be df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 3. 261a 3 . 353 Likelihood Ratio 2. 576 3 . 462 Linear-by-Linear Association . 529 1 . 467 N of Valid Cases 108 a. 6 cells (75. %) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 59. From the cross tabulation, 87. 2% students majored in business/ sparing have used second hand book, turning out the highest rate among the rest groups. Only 60% human science students have used second hand book, which becomes the lowest in the survey. In average, 85. 2% out of total 108 students have used second hand book, which mean in this campus, the second hand book market is a big argument to Co-op bookshop. However, in the chi-square test, the p-value of more than 5% cut off indicates that facility has no significant impact on student decision to use second hand books or not. LimitationsThere are many limitations impact our projects, for all Likert questions, we try to provide the respondents a chance to answer in neutral way to reflect a true situation of the book sales on campus. However, some people give up in the middle of survey with the questionnaire half comple te. If these data are recorded for the data analysis, the inaccuracy will be introduced in the final result. Therefore, these survey input moldiness be manually removed before the analysis. Another limitation is that the survey samples are not diverse enough, with most respondents being international students provided only 10 out of 108 students as local. This reason may affect the accuracy of data result. This problem could have been avoided with careful selection of the sample student and more samples.Moreover, the descriptions for questions do not make sense in their word meaning, which confuse the student and affect their answers. We should have more guardedly reviewed the descriptions and adding necessary explanations before handing them out for the survey. Conclusion According to the results of the survey discussed and analyze above, the following points form North Rydes Macquarie University students can be concluded. Firstly, most of the students go to Co-op bookshop for te xtbooks at the beginning of the semester. Secondly, most of the students have a membership even they do not choose to buy books at the Co-op bookshop at the first thought. This finding does not show big variation between the gender groups.Thirdly, although it is obvious that second hand bookshop cannot compete on service and quality with Co-op bookshop, most of the students prefer to buy textbooks at a much lower price while the demand for book quality are not that important to them compared with the price At the same time, buying second handbooks are not divided between the international students and the local students, or among the facilities they are in. Thus, second hand bookshop turns out to be a threat to Co-op bookshop sales in Macquarie University. Moreover, from the data that received in the survey, it seems that the reason why most students are not willing to become members of the Co-op bookshop is the extra membership fee. Recommendations From the survey it can be found that most students like to purchase the textbooks in bundle at a favorable price, because it is cheaper than purchasing separately. It would be feasible for Co-op bookshop to offer more bundled selection to increase sales volume. Quite some students think the discount rate to be unsatisfactorily low, which prompts the Co-op bookshop to offer a higher discount rate to attract these students. or so students only go to the Co-op bookshop for textbooks at the beginning of the semesters. Thus, the Co-op bookshop shall put more emphasis on promotion by, for example, handing out more advertisement fliers to students to explain favorable offerings and to spread recent promotion activities so as to attract the potential customers. Appendix Q1 pic If you want to buy some books, which way comes to your mind first? picThe co-op bookshop pic2nd hand bookshop picOther book stores Q2 pic Have youeverbought books from the co-op bookshop? picYes picNo pic pic If No Is Selected, Then S kip To End of Survey Edit Q3 pic Whichtime period do you go to the Co-op bookshop often? picbeginning of the semester picinterim of the semester picend of semester picaperiodicity Q4 pic Were you joining membership of Co-op bookshop? picYes picNo pic pic If Yes Is Selected, Then Skip To if the co-op bookshop sells combined textbooks Edit Q5 pic Why do you not join a member of the Co-op bookshop? picI dont want to pay the membership fee picThe membership discount too low picI have never known about the membership picI have never bought books in the Co-op bookshop Q6 pic If the Co-op bookshop sells combined textbooks cheaper than theseparate one, do you prefer to buy? picYes picNo picI do not care Q7 picIf Co-op bookshop provideextra discountontheotherbooks (except textbook) periodically,would you like to come? picYes picNo Q8 pic Have you used the second hand textbook before? picYes picNo Q9 pic Whats the feeling when you use the second ha nd textbook? Regretful Poor Good Excellent Delightful pic pic pic pic pic Q10 pic Are you an international student? picYes picNo Q11 pic Gender picMale picFemale Q12 pic Whichfacility are you in? picArt picHuman comprehension picBusiness/Economic picScience

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay

Introduction Beta- clotureers, also known as beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic closure agents, or beta-adrenergic antagonists, ar drugs that be prescribed to treat several distinguishable types of conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina pectoris, some abnormal shopping mall rhythms, embrace onslaught (myocardial infarction), anxiety, migraine, glaucoma, and overactive thyroid symptoms.Beta-blockers block the follow out of the sympathetic loathsome dust of the spunk, thus reducing stress on the heart. The sympathetic nervous carcass activates the fight or flight response. It is part of the autonomic nervous system.Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic substances, such as apinephrine (adrenaline) in the autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system). They slow down the heart beat, decrease the force of the contractions of the heart muscles, and foreshorten blood vessel contraction in the heart, brain, as well as the rest of the body.Generic N ames Carvedilol / Metoprolol / Atenolol / Bisprolol / Propranolol / Timolol fault Names Coreg / Lopressor, Toprol XL / Tenormin / Zebeta / Inderal / Blocadren How it is given unwritten (tablet or capsule), intravenous (IV)Indications Doctors may prescribe beta-blockers for patients with tachycardias (rapid heart roams). They help patients with angina by lowering the amount of oxygen the heart muscles require. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is getting.Beta-blockers apprise help hypertensive patients because their set up on blood vessels lower blood pressure.Patients with hereditary tremors as well as those who suffer from migraines may benefit from taking beta-blockers.In other words, beta-blockers atomic number 18 known as beta- adrenoreceptor blocking agents and ar used to treat usually* Angina* Heart failure* High blood pressure (hypertension)* minute heart beat (atrial fibrillation)* Myocardial infarction (heart attack) less commonly* barroom of migraine* Thyrotoxicosis (overactive thyroid)* Anxiety* Tremor* Glaucoma (as eye drops)-The first clinically useful beta adrenergic receptor antagonist was called Propranolol. It was invented by Sir pile W. Black (born 1924), a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Sir James also synthesized cimetidine (for the intercession of heartburn and peptic ulcers) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988. Propranolol revolutionized the health check management of angina pectoris it is considered as one of the major contributions to clinical medication and pharmacology of the 20th century. Mechanism of work The use of beta blockers in heart failure is primarily associated with the medications effect on heart rate. The medication, by way of the sympathetic nervous system, decreases the patients heart rate, preventing the heart from having to work lumberinger because of the condition. This effect was not considered desirable for heart failure patients when the medicat ion was first studied, however.A lowered heart rate has the risk of worsening heart failure symptoms, but as investigate continued, beta blockers proved to have benefits that outweighed this risk. The exact etiology of the case of heart failure is of importance when a doctor is deciding whether to use beta blockers. A case that is present because of impaired ventricular filling, in secern to a case caused by impaired ventricular emptying, seems to respond go to beta blockers in heart failure.In addition to their sympathetic action on heart muscle, beta blockers in heart failure define the kidneys renin/angiotensin system. Beta blocking medications cause the secretion of the hormone, renin, to decrease. As renin decreases, a cascade down of events transpires that decrease the hearts demand for oxygen. The cascade lowers extracellular fluid volume and increases the bloods ability to strike and carry oxygen to body tissues. Beta blocker treatment can be supplemented, and is suppl emented in most cases, with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that enhance this effect.Patients who have significant dyspnoea shortness of breath while they remain at rest are among those who may not be candidates for treatment with beta blockers. Having severe dyspnea can increase the risks that are associated with beta blocker treatment. Some patients are considered hemodynamically unstable if their blood does not carry oxygen well, even at a lower place normal circumstances these patients may not be good candidates for treatment either.Heart problems for a patient with heart problems beta-blockers can reduce the work load for the heart so that it does not have to work so hard to supply all parts of the body with oxygen-rich blood. For people with angina, heart failure, or after a heart attack, reducing the hearts workload is crucial.Drugs Used in case of Heart Failure * Propranolol* Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) * * Carvedilol (Coreg) * * Bucindolol (Bextra) * * Bisoprolol (Zebeta) * Side Effects The most common side effects are* Cold feet* Cold hands* Diarrhea* Fatigue* Nausea* genuinely slow heartbeatThe following less common side effects are also possible* Sleeping difficulties and disturbances* Bad dreams (nightmares)* Erectile disfunction (male inability to achieve or sustain an erection during sex)References Myo clinicwww.Hearthealthywomen.comhttp//www.wisegeek.com

How to Write a Good Speech Essay

Writing a beneficial spoken communication isnt the same as writing a grave essay. It can be achieved by considering a fewer extra infallible but simple points. The hearing needs to be engaged and estimateing about what youre talk about. A skilful way to do this is to ask a capitulum the earshot hadnt considered, and force them to think of the only obvious answer. This is called a rhetorical question. Rhetorical questions arent meant to be answered, but still allow the audience to think about the question and relate to what youre talking about.These questions are capacious to use as an introduction to your speech and can never be overused throughout the expect of your speech. Using composite language in essays is fine. If the reader misreads or doesnt understand, they can just track back a few haggling or do a quick Google search of the phrase in question. This is the opposite in a speech. Hammering your audience with a few clauses in one sentence can cause you to lose your audience very quickly.Use simple language that you can read and the audience will understand well. This can be achieved by reading your speech out loud a few times before presenting it. Reading speeches aloud allow you to filter out those confusing statements. It helps a lot if you yield a test audience to tell you when there is something a numeral too tricky for them. Its a good idea to commute the trouble sentence with one or two extra sentences, ranch the selective information out giving the audience more time to think. take overt drag the speech on for too long. Its good to end when your information starts to seem irrelevant or repetitive. If possible, dont just play along the most interesting or important information at the beginning of the speech. If the audience thinks that your information is unnecessary or repetitive, theyll close off paying attention to what youre saying. Dont complicate a personal introduction or farewell in the written speech.For instance dont include Hi, my name is Ashneil and Ill be talking about soup standards across Australia. You should always introduce yourself on the dot because this prevents reading line by line of your speech. Basically, to write a great speech, its important to use rhetorical questions to engage the audience, avoid complicated language and lengthy speeches to keep the audiences attention, and not include a personal introduction in your written speech to keep yourself from reading line-by-line.

Administrative Reform in Bd

pic ASSIGNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SUBMITTED TO SHAMIMA AKHTER pic (JKKNIU) SUBMITTED BY SAIFUDDIN AHAMMED MONNNA Dept. of man electric pig and Governance (JKKNIU) Roll no-11123144, Session-2010-2011 Course code PA-122 1th cumulation (1st year) 2nd Semester B. S. S. Honours Submission date-01. 22. 2012 Table of Contents Serial no Subject Pages 1 ABSTRACT 2 2 INTRODUCTION AND backg punctuate on signal 31 3 Brief Review of administrative Re nisuss in Bangladesh 6 4 study Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh 8 5 List of Major military commissions and charge for Administrative Reform 20 6 25 treatment ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING 7 CONCLUSION 36 8 REFERENCES 37 ABSTRACT This assignment explores the interplay validation and administrative reform in Bangladesh by drawing roughly perspectives from new(prenominal)(a)wise(a)(a) under certain countries. It covers the stay some(prenominal) before and after democratization o f the surface ara, hinging around the flatts of 1991, and thus proffers the opportunity for comparisons.It has sought to draw channel step up the relative magnificence of insurance- do will (including the endeavorions and authority) of authorities activitys, and to critic altogethery assess their capacity, the degree of co-operation they gained from gracious avail actors, and to assess the relevance and appropriateness of intertheme donor interventions. INTRODUCTION every(prenominal) countries puree to reform their administrative form in answer to the argufy present by socioeconomic posed, semi semipolitical, and technical milieu. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- solid ground, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative strategy. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the function xxx years.Since 1971 after a obligingized war 17 reforms make water been interpreted from which some reforms atomic form 18 very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their sh argon ar discussed elaborately in the following BACKGROUND Bangladesh bears a compound legacy in its entire world court clay. Presentday Bangladesh was part of the British Empire for almost both hundred years. In 1947 Pakistani rulers re pose the British and dominated the atomic derive 18a whence k at present as East Pakistan until a bitter war in 1971 brought about an independent Bangladesh. A colonial imprint persists in Bangladesh e special(prenominal)ly in political and administrative Arrangements .The British tradition helped the bureaucracy to drive an essential alikel of plaque. At the similar prison term, it is acc aimd of following the Pakistani tradition of involvement in precedent politics (Hague, 1995). The political system of Bangladesh has survived a series of transitions. A hardly a(prenominal) years of democracy were followed by nearly fifteen years of armed forces rule. In 1990, for the first time, Bangladesh achieved a fully functioning antiauthoritarian organize. Ironic solelyy, the genius and manipulation of bureaucracy in both the pre and post- egalitarian period remained almost the equal except for an increase in number of ministries, divisions, departments and statutory bodies (Ahmed, 2002 323-26).The type of giving medication has channelized in the course of Bangladeshs reading. After independence its focus was the rectifyment of organic evolution in every last(predicate) spheres of life by intervention and the use of administration in a constructive way. authorities and administration were seen non merely as a regulator but as a facilitator. However, it open fire be argued that development, when considered as a multi- proportional concept, can non be accomplish and keep up without good administration. The name good governance has Acquired tremendous importanc e in the contemporary world, in particular in the context of the developing countries. For example, umpteen developing countries restrain prep ard .Essential portion in implementing the plans and strategies to achieve the targets bushel forth by PRSP but good governance is a comp iodinnt that most developing countries soberly leave out. Merilee S. grindle points out that when determining their priorities and taking steps to s go on good governance, most developing countries go too far they chalk out a plan or strategy far beyond the particular(a) capacity of the mental institutions charged with murder responsibilities. Grindle suggests redefining Good Governance as Good Enough Governance, that is, a condition of minimally accep table brass erformance and civil high company involvement that does non probatively hinder economic and political development and that permits pauperism diminution initiatives to go forward (Grindle, 2004 526). In Bangladesh, a second-g eneration development scrap is to achieve good enough governance. No matter how such(prenominal)(prenominal) a political sympathies tries, success will non be attained if it needs competent institutions to implement policies. Public administration is the key institution for constitution implementation. If it is not functioning well, in feat PRSP targets are unlikely to be met.The assign has to make sure that its administrative apparatus is functioning well, so that it can innovate and implement solutions and that it can ensure that the poor will not be excluded from the process and benefits of development. From the beginning of the 1990s, the habit of brass activity has changed from an intervener to a judge instead of vie the game, its main duty is to make sure that a fair game is being played. This reinvented function of the administration necessitates redefining the role of the bureaucracy. bureaucracy can be considered as an open system that interacts with or i s touch by the milieu in which it operates.Traditionally, this environment consisted of only when the home(prenominal) economic, political and social context within which the brass is located. Now, however, in the national eye(predicate) organic laws are more than often faced with global threats and opportunities that affect their operations and perspectives (Welch and Wong, 2001 372-73). The performance of a creation validation depends bounteously on how the domestic political institution handles global pressures as well as how it interacts with the bureaucracy. In a ground like Bangladesh, where global pressure is eminent and the domestic political institutions are ill anatomical coordinated, the colonial legacy places the bureaucracy in a fractious position.As globalization or market liberalization changes both the domestic context and the functioning of the bureaucracy, it is possiblebut not necessarily sought afterthat the two primary order institutions, poli tics and bureaucracy, forge an alliance. on the whole countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- resign, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms put one across been chartern from which some reforms are very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their set are discussed elaborately in the followingBrief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh Since the emergence of the country, a number of commissions and committees (for details, please see Annex-A) were reachd by diametrical governments for administrative reform and shake-up to suit the needs of their several(prenominal) constitution d eclarations. The development partners in any case prepared several reports toward that end. A s expireover into of the major efforts is summarized below. The first political government in Bangladesh felt it necessity to keenize and transform the provincial administrative system it had inherited into a national system which would be able to elevate the responsibilities of a invigorated born sovereign nation.Accordingly, the government established a commission known as the Administrative and serve shake-up commissioning. The committee reviewed the administrative system thoroughly and proposed a comprehensive structure to enable it to undertake increase development responsibilities. The recommendations were not, however, use due to resistance from distinct quarters. The subsequent army government in 1976 constituted a commission called as the hand and attend tos steering for recommending measures for administrative reform. The recommendations of the Commission were p artially employ. The Commission recommended for the first appearance of an open structure system in the secretariat administration and groundwork of 28 cadres in the civil process.While the cadre principle was implemented, there was, in essence, a failure to introduce open structure system in the secretarial administration. The martial impartiality government of General Ershad positive a Committee for examining the organizational set up of the ministries/divisions, departments, directorates and other organizations. The Committee recommended reduction of the number of ministries/divisions, and of staff at the take down levels of secretarial administration, reduction in the layers of the decision do and fixing the supervisory ratio, formalizing and regularizing recruitment processes, stress the principle of merit in progress, delegation of financial and administrative provides level the power structure and providing training for officials. only major recommendations of th e Committee were not implemented (Khan, 1991). Later, the martial law government appointed another committee, known as Committee for Administrative Reforms/Reorganization (CARR). The Committee recommended for renaming of Thanas as Upazilas (sub-districts), up marker the Sub-divisions into districts and installation of elected summitical anaesthetic governments at district, Upazilla and union levels for the transfer of development functions to these elected local bodies. This time, the government implemented most of the recommendations of the Committee. It upgraded Thanas into Upazilas and sub-divisions into districts. It introduced pop governance though limited in scope at the Upazila level.In 1987, a locker Sub-committee was organize to recommend insurance policy measures for implementing recommendations of the Secretaries Special Committee on the Structural organisation of the ripened Services Pool (SSP) and the Secretarial Committee relating to the problem of odds-on pr ospects of promotion of authorityrs of different cadre wait ons. The Committee recommended the abolition of the SSP and certain other measures to improve prospects of promotion of officers of unhomogeneous cadre renovations. The government true the recommendations of the Committee and abolished the SSP in 1989. In the same year, another committee was constituted to review the administrative structure and the man power position. The Committee found that 7000 officers and employees were surplus in 37 departments and offices.On the basis of its findings, the Committee recommended the abolition of 27 departments (Khan, 1991 USAID, 1989 Ali, 1993). During the tenure of the last government, an empirical film was conducted and two committees were constituted to go to into problems of macrocosm administration and recommend measures for reforms. The Public Administration Sector airfield was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with a view to suggesting an ope n, transparent, accountable and performance oriented administrative system to support fantanary democracy. The four-spot Secretaries Committee and Committee for Restructuring Ministries/Department were constituted by the government.The areas of probe of these committees and study include secretarial administration and work procedures, ministry-department relationship, ministry-corporation relationship, project cycle, organization and structure of government, decision qualification, accountability, human resources development, financial caution and corruption. Recommendations make by them were of varied nature corresponding to the nature of the problems. The present government constituted the Public Administration Reform Commission in 1997 with the mandate to recommend policies, programs and activities to improve the level of dexterity, effectiveness, accountability and foil in prevalent organizations and to enable them to touch the governments commitment to ensure socio- economic development and reach out its benefits to the stack.The Commission do troika types of recommendations, interim, short term and long term for administrative reforms in areas such as, defining of mission and functions of the unexclusive offices affirming avocationalism in the civil service performance monitoring and result oriented performance, analyze of government agencies delegation of powers to subordinate and field offices open and free feeler to government documents and reports for the sake of transparency and accountability withdrawal of judicatory from the decision maker separation of audit from accounts simplification of outdated laws, rules, regulations and forms (GOB, 2000). The Government has implemented some of the interim recommendations of the commission. The cabinet in a recent hurting authentic in principle the other recommendations of the commission. Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh The importance and significance of various( a) reform efforts can not be denied as these generate addressed to a astronomic number of issues relating to human race administration in Bangladesh. save it is believed that the following issues should be taken into stipulation while attempting for any comprehensive eform effort in the future. 1Role of Government The role of government in terms of belongings and nature of involvement in various activities has direct bearing on any reform effort. With extol to size and functional involvement, the Government of Bangladesh has assumed an all pervasive character. The lack of insular initiative, which is a historical phenomenon, as well as governments compulsions, especially just after the emergence of the country, provided the basis for the across-the-board role and functions of the government. As a result, the role and functions of the government in Bangladesh has decease all encompassing from the centre to the grassroots level.Its traditional functions alike termed as regu latory functions ( aid of law and nightspot, collection of revenue and administration of justice) now constitute only a small segment, though their importance has not been bring down at all rather change magnitude manifold, of the voluminous functions of public administration. entirely by the golf-clubties of the last century, some major and qualitative changes have taken place both in the internal and external environment of the country. The thrust for the reduced and limited role of the government is recognized nationwide and internationally. In the economic sector, local private, and international and multinational initiatives are kinda successful in various ventures while the government is found sunk in managing and running public enterprises.On the other hand, a large number of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national and international, are shouldering some service and development responsibilities and also demonstrating die performance in their own spheres (CDRB and DPC, 1995). All these reallyities are now considered as the bounceion of the freedom of individual belief and rights-two lofty ideals of youthful day democracy. Thus there are both objective and unverifiable reasons to review the role and functions of the government. 2Public Policy Commitments Public policy commitments commonly reflect the hopes and aspirations of the quite a little and the demands of the time. These commitments are do in a democratic polity by the political parties both in power and aspiring to go to power. Public policy commitments are later translated into administrative actions.In Bangladesh, it has been sight that the public policy commitments made by the government are not pursued wholeheartedly. The institutional mechanisms, both internal and external, are also faded to monitor the translation of these into concrete administrative actions. Internal mechanisms include, administrative and political will of the government and effective administrati ve monitoring system. On the other hand, external mechanisms are specific parliamentary standing committees and effective role of the political parties in parliament and constructive role of the press and media. Moreover, public policy commitments lack consensus especially of the opposition political parties.As a result, public policy commitments made by one government are, in many cases, scraped or set aside by the next government that comes to power. 3Neutral Governance Currently indifferent(p) governance has become a third estate concern of politicians, administrators, academics and common people as every body are beneficiaries of it. Neutral governance is essential for the sustenance, growth and development of democratic polity. in advance(p) day parliamentary democracies are based on multi political party system. under the system, a number of political parties with varying ideologies and agenda compete for presume the state power or forming the government by means of an d through the electoral process. political parties stay in power so long as they love the support and confidence of the people.The public administrative system that symbolizes permanency and persistency has to function under and at the direction of different political parties at different points of time. downstairs the above reality, the administration must ensure torpid governance. The concept of so-so(p) governance with measure to a developing country like Bangladesh could be viewed from the perspective of Maintenance of Law and run/Enforcement Administration of and Access to Justice and Planning and Execution of Development Programs. 3. 1Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement Maintenance of law and order is essential for ensuring neutral governance. Broadly speaking, maintenance of law and order has two aspects viz. maintenance of public peace, investigation and trial of iniquitous cases (GOP, 1960). The above involves both decision maker and discriminatory functions. threesomesome elements are obscure in it, the police, the magistracy and the judiciary (Ali, et. al. , 1983). The maintenance of public peace does not squiffy prevention and control of any special type of crime. This deals with general law and order facts that whitethorn even be disturbed by non- roughshod activities. Though crime may be committed, the real nature of the emergency here may be political or economic or communal. On the other hand, the investigation and trial of criminal cases may be described as prevention investigation and contracting and prosecution of crime.It is believed that first of all crime should be prevented. If not prevented then the crime is committed. Once a crime is committed it must then be investigated and detected. The successful investigation leads to prosecution. Besides these, the police perform many other functions that have direct or indirect bearing on the maintenance of law and order/enforcement. several(prenominal) of these are executi on of processes of criminal courts, regulation of crowds and traffic and other duties to meet emergency situations. To ensure neutral governance with respect to the maintenance of law and order/enforcement, the police administration should enjoy freedom from interference from any quarters.If interference are made Police administration can not function or make out its duties and responsibilities without fear or favour. however in recent years, it has been alleged that the law enforcing agencies have been subjected to sours of various kinds to meet the political ends of the parties in power. Such practices seriously erode the confidence of the people and directly violate the principle of neutral governance, above all, they encourage the police particularly at the lower echelons, to take advantage of such biased position of the authorities to convert the opportunity for unrestrained personal gains. And this is what has happened in Bangladesh. 3. 2Administration of and Access to Jus tice-Rule of LawAdministration and portal to justice is a primary requirement for establishing the rule of law in the country. Again, the rule of law must be considered as an important dimension for sustainable democracy, accountable administration and equitable development. In the area of administration of justice in Bangladesh, the judicial system is subjected to some fundamental and procedural problems. Although there is constitutional provision for the separation of judiciary from the administrator, concrete steps are yet be taken to separate the two especially at the lower level. It has been reported that now a bill proposing the separation of the judiciary and the executive is pending in the parliament for enactment.The combination of the executive/police and authority of criminal justice in the hands of the executive government was the innovation of the colonial power and it was specifically designed to meet the colonial purposes. However, non-action to separate the judici ary from administration helped accentuate bureaucratic monocracy and interference in the judicial process especially at the lower levels. Moreover, certain constitutional provisions require collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Law, Justice and parliamentary Affairs and the compulsory address in the area of personnel management of the judges. Interference of the executive branch in the personnel management of the judiciary hampers judicial independence. In Bangladesh, successive governments meddled with the affairs of the judiciary to get along their finalize political ends.This state of affairs has seriously eroded the confidence of the people in the impartiality of the judicial process. Access to justice is another term for establishing rule of law in the country. Easy and timely access to judicial redress is essential for limiting or arresting the high handedness of the executive organ of the government. Repressive and sweeping laws also limit the private citizens acces s to the judiciary. Moreover, the structural and institutional inefficiency of the judicial system has created manifold problems which fails to check the excesses of the executive arm and the bureaucratic authority and to safeguard the civil rights of the people at large. 3. Planning and Execution of Development Program Another dimension of the concept of neutral governance is the neutral or impartial mean and execution of development programs. In developing countries like Bangladesh, initiatives for balanced development of the different parts of the country should come from the government. Moreover, for obvious reasons, the government has to shoulder the major responsibility with respect to economic and social sector development. But it has been observed that, in many cases, development programs are undertaken and executed to serve the narrow party interest of the political party in power at the expense of the national interest.The other phenomenon that is very much in embodyence in Bangladesh is that the people who are associated with the ruling party are awarded with various contracts relating to the execution of the development programs. Such practices breed corruption and the caliber of the execution of the development programs also suffers. Sometimes, a nexus is developed amidst the political parties, government executing agencies and the implementers/contractors that results in waste and unnecessary approach escalation of development projects. But the concept of neutral governance with respect to preparedness and execution of the development programs suggests that national, not narrow party and or other interests, should come into prominence in the planning and execution of the development programs.The legitimatize policy bias should not pervade the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of specific development plans and projects. It is natural that different political parties will have different policies and programs but this does not mean that their implementation should any way suffer from any partisan application. .4. supplier of Services Governments role has changed with the passage of time. In the beginning, the prefatorial purpose was to maintain the steady state. As such, the role was basically regulatory in nature. The concentration was on revenue collection, maintenance of law and order and administration of justice. The administrative system that Bangladesh inherited from the British in 1947 was developed for assuming the above stated roles.Then the government for the first time was called upon to shoulder new responsibilities in addition to its earlier role in traditional/regulatory administration. In the sphere of traditional administration, the emphasis was on maintaining steady state so that the nation can strive for better life both at the individual citizens level and also at the national level (Hussain, 1986). With the changed scenario, a new dimension was added to the role o f the government, i. e. , development administration. The assumption of this new role was necessitated with the rising expectations of the people. Government at this stage, in the absence of any other resource choice, had to intervene in different sectors (broadly, economic and service) of the national life to ensure all round national development.The situation in 1947 was such that there was close no private sector and entrepreneurial capacity of the private citizens was almost non-existent. Under compulsion, the government had to intervene in all sectors. This phenomenon continued through out the Pakistani period. Another point should be noted here that during this period whatever capacity developed in the private sector was confine mostly to the erstwhile West Pakistani (now Pakistani) nationals (Ahmed, 1980 Jahan, 1977) After the emergence of Bangladesh the situation was even worse. The institutional business enterprises and industries were mostly possess by the Pakistanis a nd these were left field behind by them. The government had no choice but to nationalize those.On the other hand, government of the time also opted for a meld economy. Consequently, the governments roles and functions increased manifold. Besides, this period also witnessed the creation of a number of public enterprises especially in the economic sector (Sobhan and Ahmed (1980). In the service sector the governments role and functions also increased considerably. The government ultimately became the main provider of services to the people. After the change of government in 1975, Governments policies regarding its role underwent fundamental changes. fury was put on the development of private initiatives in all sectors of national life.In the economic sector, thrust was given for the development of private entrepreneurial class (Ahmed, 1980). At the same time, the government went for the denationalization of different state owned enterprises. This period also saw the rise of a large number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). These organizations started to take lively part in development and service sectors especially at the grassroots level. In spite of all these developments, the government in Bangladesh still remains the primary providers of services in all sectors. The all encompassing role of the government resulted in distraction and overburdening of the administrative system.Now the time has come to redefine and delimit the role of the government as provider of services and also to look for alternative strategies for providing these to suit the demand of time. 5 courtly Service An efficient and effective role of civil service in a developing democratic polity is of racy importance. The efficiency of public servants is a sine qua non for managing the affairs of the state. On the other hand, the involvement of the public servants must not transcend the boundary of the democratic framework. However, bureaucratic efficiency depends on conducive politi cal and bureaucratic environment and culture suiting the needs of the hour existence of the democratic set in the administrative system and existence of mechanisms to have checks on bureaucratic excesses. 5. 1Bureaucratic NormsIn multi-party democracy, public servants have to perform functions, such as, to inform the ministers and parliament with complete and accurate data presented objectively and in time to nominate ministers by analysis of data and appraisal of options in which they can have confidence to implement ministerial decisions and to administer resultant decision and to be responsible for(p) to minister and parliament for their actions (or inaction) with particular reference to the safeguarding of public cash and ensuring effective value for money (Stowes, 1992). With respect to the bureaucratic norms of the civil service in Bangladesh experience reveals that these are adhered to a very limited scale. A number of socio-economic and political factors, including histo rical peculiarities have impeded the growth of accountable structure of administration in Bangladesh. As a result, the high office arrogance, unethical behaviour, gross inefficiency, failure to respect legislative intent and failure to show initiatives have become apparent in the civil service of Bangladesh (Hussain and Sarker, 1995). 5. 2Decision Making ProcessEfficient decision making procedures are part of the professional and result-oriented administration. The organization and structure of the government and public service and administrative culture have bearing on the decision making system. In Bangladesh, the Rules of Business out rip the basic provisions relating to the distribution of responsibilities among different units of government. Under the existing arrangement of the governmental administration, the ministry is responsible for formulating policies. The directorates/departments/statutory bodies and field offices implement policies. In fact, the existing arrangement i mplies a policy formulation-implementation dichotomy.Interestingly, such a dichotomy has a corresponding relationship to the structural arrangement of the system, resulting in the conflicting relationship between generalists and specialists. There is also bewilderment about the nature of decisions. It is difficult to draw a demarcation line between the policy decisions and the operational decisions. This confusion complicates the disposal of cases. This, along with change tilt in administration causes delay in decision making. jurisdictional in ornamentment, buck passing, distortion of priorities, employee disorientation and misallocation of resources are many of the factors responsible for such a state of affairs (Huda and Rahman, 1989). The other important aspect that may be noted here is that the discourse on decision making is confined only to the bureaucratic structure.For instance, there is no indication in the Rules of Business regarding the role of parliament members in d ecision making particularly at various administrative levels, without violating the separation of power policy. 5. 3Corruption Corruption has been and continues to be an unfortunate integral part of administrative culture in Bangladesh. But in recent times, it has taken an all pervasive form. A recent donor sponsored study reflecting on the harmful effect of bribery, corruption, kickbacks and under the table bearments for various administrative decisions and actions noted that the per capita income in corruption free Bangladesh could have nearly doubled to US$ 700 (currently it is estimated to be US$350) (Transparency International, Bangladesh, 2000).Government officials especially, involved in development projects, service delivery, enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels are reported to be colluding with private bidders and contractors and service seekers and consequently amassing vast mislabeled incomes in the bargain. The reasons for such corruption can be summed up Firstly, because of institutional weaknesses, civil servants involved in corrupt practices, in most of the cases, are not taken to task and they indulge in corruption with impunity. Moreover, even if found guilty, they have never been adequately punished nor compelled to return to the state their ill-gotten wealth.Secondly, for quick service delivery, citizens in general, now do not mind to knuckle under bribes and kickbacks. Thirdly, there is now social acceptance of corruption. Fourthly, proscribe occasional public procurements, the representatives of the people, i. e. politicians especially those who are in power, are not very enthusiastic to take effective measures to curb corrupt practices in public dealings. Rather in many cases, it is alleged that they have become party to various dubious deals. 6. Administrative Accountability Government policy decisions are implemented through bureaucratic mechanisms as such, administrative accountability is essential for good government. In developing polity, there is a tendency on the part of the public bureaucracy to exercise power in an authoritarian manner. Bangladesh bureaucracy is also no exception to that. Authoritarian organization culture still persists. Democratic values are still lack in the bureaucracy. This is due to the colonial legacy that the administration inherited and lack of experience of the bureaucratic system to function under broader democratic political environment. There is a marked lack of clarity and in deed there is an imbalance between the role of bureaucracy and the role of public representatives and political leaders in the policy making and overall governance system.No systematic measures have been taken so far to streamline the institutional integration of popular interests and technical expertise at all levels of government. As a result, efficiency and accountability suffer under democratic political leadership. The arrogance of high office, unethical behaviour, failure to respec t legislative intent and apathy towards work have been rampant (UNDP, 1993). However, elaborate measures should be undertaken to curtail bureaucratic excess. Its role should not go beyond the limits that may thwart democratic ideals and practices. Some of the measures could be through the effective roles of the parliament, media and the civil society. . 1Role of Parliament Bangladesh has again gone back to the parliamentary form of government after amending the constitution (GOB, 1998). Under the present system, the executive branch is responsible to the parliament and that the peoples representatives must have sufficient voice in the design and formulation of public policy. In Bangladesh, the parliament is primarily concerned with enacting decree and ratifying decisions that the executive has already taken. Thus, it is clearly observed that peoples representatives have no material role in policy formulation. The role of parliamentary committees is very significant in this regard. These statutory committees are expected to scrutinize various aspects of government actions. Moreover, they should function in such a manner so as to ensure transparency of vital government businesses. However, in Bangladesh, the parliamentary committees so far have failed to play the vital role in making the administration accountable. Some important committees such as, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Estimates, Committee on Public Undertaking and other standing committees on various ministries are not performing well enough to ensure accountability of executive government. Committee meetings are not held regularly and ministers in many cases do not attend the meetings.More importantly, the decisions of the committees are not followed by actions. The other feature of Bangladesh politics is the excessive reliance on exercising executive authority by property the parliament in the dark. In most cases, policy issues are not discussed in the parliament. This weakens parliament s authority to hold the executive accountable to it. Another enkindle feature of Bangladesh politics is that the opposition political parties oppose the ruling party for the sake of opposition only. Moreover, boycotting/non-participation in the sessions of the parliament has also become a regular practice of the opposition political parties.But to have ruddy political environment and to hold the party in power responsible for the actions/inaction, opposition political parties should play a positive role both within and outside the parliament. 6. 2Role of Media Role of media is very important in ensuring administrative accountability. Information about government actions are largely reported through the media both electronic and print. By ensuring free bunk of development, the media also ensures transparency of administrative actions. Currently, the print media is enjoying considerable freedom in Bangladesh. They bring lapses and excesses of the executive to the notice of the pub lic and thereby making them accountable.But exclusive government control over state run mass media like receiving set and television run contrary to the concept of free flow of haphazardness and transparency. Such exclusive control has negative bearing on ensuring administrative accountability. In Bangladesh, both radio and television are solely owned and controlled by the government. As a result, these two media are acting as the spokesmen of the government or rather the party in power. Impartial information and views, in most of the cases, are not usually broadcast. Moreover, views of the opposition political parties and groups do not receive proper and adequate attention of the state run radio and television.As we know, the role of media by facilitating the free flow of information of all government actions is very essential for ensuring executive and administrative accountability. The reforms which, according to the press reports, are on the anvil appear to decay short of ex pectations of the nation in as much as the government control on the state run electronic media remains virtually overlooked. 6. 3Role of Civil Society From a functional perspective, there is a general tendency to treat civil society as one of the three sections that constitute a nation the other two being the public sector or the government and the private sector or the profit-seeking enterprises. genuinely broadly, civil society can be defined as those organizations that exist between the level of the family and the state and enjoy a degree of indecorum from the state and the market, and provide a counter-balance to the power of the state and the market. Civil society may also be viewed as organized activities by groups or individuals either performing certain services or trying to influence and improve the society as a whole, but are not part of government or business (Jorgensen, 1996). In Bangladesh, civil society includes indigenous community groups, mass organizations, cooper atives, religious societies, trade unions, and professional bodies. tending(p) the dynamics of the political process, it is indeed difficult to set a official role for the civil society in Bangladesh. The role of civil society, in fact, depends on the nature of the demand and prevailing conditions of a polity.However, areas of involvement of the civil society in the context of Bangladesh are policy advocacy, mobilization of public opinion, demand creation, active participation in policy formulation process, bridging the porta between citizens and government, pressurizing the government with the help of the media, supporting the popular movement in favour of a given policy issue, lobbying with the donor groups/development partners, playing the role of mediator/ arbitrator between citizens and government, and policy analysis, etc. Civil society, by its actions, performs as pressure group in the polity in attaining administrative accountability. In the true sense of the term, the civ il society is only emerging in Bangladesh. In recent years, the civil society has made some limited but positive contributions towards ensuring executive and administrative accountability. But it has been observed that some groups of the civil society movement are politicized and separate on political lines. Though there has been a steady and random growth of the civil society organizations, there is virtually no active network of them to look after collective interests of the people.More concerted efforts are needed to organize and further develop the civil society institutions so that they can play an appropriate role in making the executive and the administration accountable to people. MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform S. n. Name of the Committee/Commission Focus Areas Major Recommendations Observation 1 Civil Administration Res toration organisational set up for the geological formation of 20 Ministries, 3 other secretariat organizations and secretariate administration was reorganized with 20 ministries. Committee, 1971 Government after the emergence of 7 constitutional bodies Constitutional bodies like Supreme Court, the High Court, the Public Bangladesh enlarge specification of functions of civil servants at the Service Commission, the Election Commission and the social occasion of the Division, District, Sub-division levels Comptroller and Auditor General were established Providing appropriate status and respect to the officers and staff of civil administration as lawful organs of the Government 2 Administrative and Services organise Civil Service social organization Unified civil service structure with a continuous razing system The report of the Committee was not published Reorganization Committee, 1972 from top to the bottom. Division of all posts into two broad ca tegories Functional and Area company Posts. Top 3 grades, i,e. I, II and III to be designated as Senior Policy and Management Posts 3 matter give birth Commission, 1972 net profit Issues 10 scales of stipend in line with the recommendation of the ASRC New national birth scale with 10 grades was introduced 4 Pay and Services Commission, 1977 Civil Service Structure and Pay Issues 52 scales of reconcile and equal initial scales of pay and equitable The New national Grades and Scales of Pay was introduces with 21 opportunities for advancement to the top for all scales of pay Introduction of Superior Policy Pool at the top of the civil service 28 services under 14 main cadres were created within the civil service Establishment of Civil Service Ministry by abolishing Establishment A Senior Services Pool was constituted Ministry 5 Martial Law Committee for Examining Reorganization and Rationalization of lessening in the number of ministries/divisions/ directorates and act of ministries were reduced from 36 to 19 Organizational Set up of Manpower in Public Sector Organizationssun-ordinate offices come up of other offices were reduced from 243 to 181 Ministries/Divisions/Directorates and Number of constitutional bodies were reduced from 12 to 9.Number of other organizations, 1982 Reduction of layers for decision making officials and employees mostly working at the lower levels was reduced from 9,440 to 3,222 Delegation of administrative and financial powers down the hierarchy 6 Committee for Administrative Reform and Reorganization of Field direct Up gradation of Thanas with Thana Parishads as the focal point of The new system of administration and local government was introduced Reorganization, 1982 Administration local administration in 460 Thanas (Thanas were later renamed as Upazilas) 7 subject area Pay Commission, 1984 Pay Issues New National Pay Scale with 20 grades The New National Scales of Pay w as introduces with 20 scales of pay Secretaries Committee on Administrative packaging Aspects Maintenance of status quo for 10 cadre services as promotion prospect Development, 1985 had been satisfactory 8 Special Committee to Review the Structure Structure of Senior Services Pool (SSP)Continuation of SSP as a cadre Recommendations were referred to the Cabinet Sub-committee for of Senior Services Pool, 1985 Entry into the SSP only through examination to be conducted by the examination Public Service Commission Tenure of Secretaries be limited to 8 years 9 Cabinet Sub-committee, 1987 Review of SSP and Promotion Aspects Creation of 50% of posts of Deputy Secretaries within the pay scales Recommendations were referred to the Council Committee for Rules of Business of Taka 4200-5200 for making SSP more attractive examination.The recommendations of the Council Committee were not Tenure of Secretaries should not be limited approved by the professorship 1 0 1996Committee to Re-examine the necessityNecessity or otherwise of care of keeping certain Government Offices in certain Government Offices the dispirit of changed circumstances, 1989 11 National Pay Commission,1989 Pay Issues Revised National Scales of Pay 20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced 12 Administrative Reorganization Committee, Administrative structure and staffing Reduction of the number of ministries from 35 to 22 and the number ofThe report of the Committee was not made public 1993 patterns administrative organization from 257 to 224 Provisional structure for the Office of Ombudsman Creation of a Secretariat for the Supreme Court 12 National Pay Commission, Pay Issues Revised National Scales of Pay 20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced Structure and reorganization of manpower across Ministries/Departments/Directorates, etc. 13 Administrative Reorganization Committee, Administrative structure for improving 1996 the quality and standard of service, achieve transparency and efficiency 14 Public Administration Reform Commission, Determination of complaints and functions of the public offices Some of the interim recommendations have been implemented 1997 Formation of a professional policy making group Senior Management The recommendations of the Commission have been accepted by the Pool Lateral entry into the civil service government in a recently held cabinet meeting Reduction of the number of ministries from 36 to 25 and the abolition of 6 organizations. Establishment of the Supreme Court Secretarial. Establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman The local councils/Parishads at the district, Upazila and Union should have overall authority of coordination of development activities .Establishment of an Independent Commission Against Corruption, Establishment of a Criminal Justice Commission Magnetization of pu blic service benefits Establishment of a Public Administration Reform monitoring Commission DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING. Administrative and service structure reorganization committee(ASRC)On 15 March 1972 a four members administrative and service reorganization committee (ASRC) was appointed and submitted its report in two phases in April 1973 and in May 1974. representation of ASRC The ASRC was asked To consider the present structure of various service.. And determine the future structure keeping in the view fundamental needs. To consider the amalgamation of all civil services .. Into one unified service. To determine the principle of integration of the personnel of various service in the new structure and to determine inter older status of personnel in different service. To determine the future recruitment policy in the government service and various levels. To prepare and recommend a comprehensive scheme for administrative reorganiz ation.Significant recommendation The ASRC have do some important recommendations. As like- The committee felt that division between former all Pakistan and other central superior services and the former provincial service as well division between high and lower classes be abolished and a continuous grading system from top to bottom should be substituted in each occupational group. The committee suggested that mental reservation of posts for various groups within the public service should be discontinued. All public servants, the ASRC recommended, should be organized in a single classes unified grading structure (UGS) covering the whole public service.To inculcate professionalism in the public service, the committee suggested, division of all posts within it into two broad categories to be designated as functional posts and area group posts. The ASRC called for designating posts in top three grades, i. e. I. II and III as ranking(prenominal) policy and management posts and fast en selection procedure for entrance into senior management positions. The committee also suggested a detail plan as to how its proposal for UGS be implemented throughout the public service. The ASRC felt that individuals should be recruited to various grads as in the public service on the basis of merit as time-tested by their performance in competitive public examination. The ASRC also made a number of specific recommendations to democratize the governance and reduce the powers.As like- Increasing devolution of power and authority to elected local governments at different levels district, Thana, and union was forcefully argued to enable locally elected officials to provide leadership in developmental activities without interference from central government officials placed in the field. Different local levels field tiers had to be rationalized with upgrading of subdivisions into districts and abolition of division. disengagement of the judiciary from the executive had to be ensure d for successful functioning of a democratic policy. At the central levels the role o the secretariat needed to be restricted to policy formulation, planning and evaluation of the executed plans and programs. Fate of ASRCThe ASRC submitted its recommendations to the government in two phases. But there was no official response to the committees work till the end of the Mujib government. It is difficult to visit wherefore far- reaching recommendations of ASRC was shelved in spite of the fact that accepting the members. All members including the chairman were close to Mujib both politically and personally. It is on record that Mujib was depressing with the poor performance on lack of commitment of many senior civil servants. He knew the problems but did not want to go all the way to solve the malices. That created the paradox and consequently Mujibs lack of action.National pay commission(NPC) A nation pay commission (NPC-1) was appointed on 21July 1972 under the chairmanship of a re tired secretary to the government. Besides the chairman, there were nine members. The social rank of the commission include full time and five part-time members. Mission The national pay commission (NPC-1) was assigned with a number of tasks. These included Reviewing the pay structure of all employees in the public sector keeping in view the governments policy of socialism. Recommending rationalization and standardisation of pay scales of those who served under erstwhile central and provincial governments. Significant recommendationsThe command principles followed by NPC-1 in recommending a rational pay structure were a livable wage, social acceptability, functionally distinguishable levels of responsibility matched with standardized pay levels and motivation based on patriotic grounds. The NPC-1 felt that a nine tiers administrative structure with corresponding pay scales could meet the requirements of a rational structure in Bangladesh during next five years 1973-1978 of the ni ne scales for would be normal direct entry tiers, three promotion tiers and two renascence ties but the commissions plan had to be modified to bring it in line with ASRC recommendation. Fate of NPC Some of the recommendations f the commission were partially implemented however, majority of the recommendations of the NPC-1 were not implemented. Reasons can be offered as to why the commissions recommendations suffered such a factCompression of 2200 scales into 10 scales was very difficult task and it proved to be at the implementation stage. No major segment within the civil service support the recommendations. Rather almost everybody who mattered opposed it. Pay and service commission(P&SC) The pay and service commission (P&SC) was appointed on 20 February 1976 consisted of thirteen member including the chairman, headed by retired secretary who was changed in mid-way and replaced by another senior civil servant. Mission The P&SC was asked to examine the existing pay and service stru cture of public sector except defense service and universitys dogma posts, recommend suitable service structure and pay structure including fringe benefits for civil service.In marking its recommendation, the commission had to consider some factors such as Functional needs and requirements of the government, job requirement or various service and posts, cost of living, resources of the government and public sector enterprises, reduction of discrepancy between the highest and the lowest salary levels, demand and supply of various profession and occupation. It had another main business to examine both service and pay matters of all employees in the traditional public sector and this had to be ended within a given set of constraints. Fate of P&SC The government slowly and implemented some of the recommendations in modified form and it took two years. Creation of twenty eight services under xiv main cadres within the civil service. The government in 1977 provided for twenty one scale s of pay through the introduction of new national grades and scales of pay (NNGSP).In the process the government drastically scales down the number, that is fifty scales of pay which P&SC recommended but the NNGSP satisfied very few people. Constitution of senior service syndicate (SSP) by the government. The (SSP) was modeled in light of the P&SC call for creation of a superior policy pool (SSP), but the SSP order was formulated and implemented in such a manner that the objective behind SSP was willfully ignored. Martial Law Committee -1(MLC-1) A five member martial law committee for examining organization set up of ministries /divisions , departments , directorates and other organization under them (MLC) was appointed on April 18,1982 under the chairmanship of a Brigadier .The other members of the committee were two deputy colonels, one major and one mid ranking civil servant. The last mentioned was made secretary to the committee. Mission of MLC-1 The committees responsibility included To review and recommend charter of duties of various sectors, branches, wings, divisions and departments. To scrutinize existing and